Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose and Lignin From Different Nut Shells

Project no. 32208 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2024

Summary

<p><em>Pistacia&nbsp;vera&nbsp;L.</em>&nbsp;(pistachio),&nbsp;<em>Juglans&nbsp;Regia&nbsp;L.</em>&nbsp;(walnut),&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Prunus&nbsp;dulcis</em>&nbsp;(almond)&nbsp;are&nbsp;significant&nbsp;nut&nbsp;species&nbsp;produced&nbsp;globally&nbsp;and&nbsp;in&nbsp;our&nbsp;country.&nbsp;A&nbsp;substantial&nbsp;amount&nbsp;of&nbsp;hard&nbsp;inner&nbsp;shells&nbsp;from&nbsp;these&nbsp;nuts&nbsp;is&nbsp;generated&nbsp;as&nbsp;agricultural&nbsp;and&nbsp;industrial&nbsp;by-products.&nbsp;These&nbsp;by-products&nbsp;are&nbsp;often&nbsp;improperly&nbsp;managed,&nbsp;leading&nbsp;to&nbsp;environmental&nbsp;pollution.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;their&nbsp;lignocellulosic&nbsp;structure&nbsp;is&nbsp;rich&nbsp;in&nbsp;valuable&nbsp;components.&nbsp;In&nbsp;this&nbsp;study,&nbsp;cellulose,&nbsp;cellulose&nbsp;nanofiber&nbsp;(CNF),&nbsp;and&nbsp;lignin&nbsp;were&nbsp;extracted&nbsp;and&nbsp;characterized&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;hard&nbsp;inner&nbsp;shells&nbsp;of&nbsp;pistachio,&nbsp;walnut,&nbsp;and&nbsp;almond.&nbsp;The&nbsp;cellulose&nbsp;was&nbsp;extracted&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;pretreated&nbsp;shells&nbsp;(alkali,&nbsp;acid&nbsp;hydrolysis,&nbsp;and&nbsp;bleaching)&nbsp;with&nbsp;yields&nbsp;of&nbsp;29.5%&nbsp;for&nbsp;pistachio&nbsp;(PS),&nbsp;46.5%&nbsp;for&nbsp;almond&nbsp;(AS),&nbsp;and&nbsp;42.4%&nbsp;for&nbsp;walnut&nbsp;(WS).&nbsp;The&nbsp;extracted&nbsp;cellulose&nbsp;samples&nbsp;were&nbsp;then&nbsp;subjected&nbsp;to&nbsp;physicochemical&nbsp;analyses,&nbsp;including&nbsp;FTIR,&nbsp;SEM,&nbsp;and&nbsp;XRD,&nbsp;to&nbsp;determine&nbsp;their&nbsp;characteristics.&nbsp;Subsequently,&nbsp;a&nbsp;type&nbsp;of&nbsp;nanocellulose,&nbsp;CNF,&nbsp;was&nbsp;obtained&nbsp;by&nbsp;applying&nbsp;ultrasonication&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;cellulose&nbsp;samples.&nbsp;The&nbsp;CNF&nbsp;yields&nbsp;were&nbsp;found&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;96.13%&nbsp;for&nbsp;PS&nbsp;CNF,&nbsp;85.38%&nbsp;for&nbsp;WS&nbsp;CNF,&nbsp;and&nbsp;93.45%&nbsp;for&nbsp;AS&nbsp;CNF.&nbsp;Physicochemical&nbsp;characterization&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;CNF&nbsp;samples&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;using&nbsp;FTIR,&nbsp;SEM,&nbsp;XRD,&nbsp;Zeta&nbsp;potential&nbsp;analysis,&nbsp;particle&nbsp;size&nbsp;measurement,&nbsp;water&nbsp;holding&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;(WHC),&nbsp;and&nbsp;oil&nbsp;binding&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;(OBC).&nbsp;SEM&nbsp;images&nbsp;revealed&nbsp;a&nbsp;web-like&nbsp;structure&nbsp;in&nbsp;PS&nbsp;and&nbsp;AS&nbsp;CNFs,&nbsp;which&nbsp;was&nbsp;not&nbsp;observed&nbsp;in&nbsp;WS&nbsp;CNF.&nbsp;Zeta&nbsp;potential&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;revealed&nbsp;values&nbsp;of&nbsp;-35.3&nbsp;mV&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;AFK&nbsp;CNF&nbsp;sample,&nbsp;-24.9mV&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;CK&nbsp;CNF&nbsp;sample,&nbsp;and&nbsp;-36.6&nbsp;mV&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;BK&nbsp;CNF&nbsp;sample.&nbsp;For&nbsp;lignin&nbsp;isolation,&nbsp;the&nbsp;Klason&nbsp;Lignin&nbsp;(H₂SO₄)&nbsp;method&nbsp;was&nbsp;applied&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;hard&nbsp;inner&nbsp;shells,&nbsp;yielding&nbsp;46.51%&nbsp;PS,&nbsp;26.2%&nbsp;from&nbsp;almond&nbsp;AS,&nbsp;and&nbsp;30.54%&nbsp;from&nbsp;walnut&nbsp;WS.&nbsp;The&nbsp;isolated&nbsp;lignin&nbsp;samples&nbsp;were&nbsp;characterized&nbsp;using&nbsp;FTIR,&nbsp;SEM,&nbsp;and&nbsp;XRD.&nbsp;XRD&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;revealed&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;crystallinity&nbsp;index&nbsp;(CI)&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;cellulose&nbsp;samples&nbsp;was&nbsp;75%&nbsp;for&nbsp;PS,&nbsp;55.23%&nbsp;for&nbsp;AS,&nbsp;and&nbsp;55.7%&nbsp;for&nbsp;WS.&nbsp;Following&nbsp;ultrasonication,&nbsp;the&nbsp;CI&nbsp;values&nbsp;decreased&nbsp;to&nbsp;44.1%&nbsp;for&nbsp;PS&nbsp;CNF,&nbsp;46.06%&nbsp;for&nbsp;AS&nbsp;CNF,&nbsp;and&nbsp;37.57%&nbsp;for&nbsp;WS&nbsp;CNF,&nbsp;indicating&nbsp;a&nbsp;visible&nbsp;reduction&nbsp;in&nbsp;crystallinity&nbsp;across&nbsp;all&nbsp;three&nbsp;samples.&nbsp;The&nbsp;WHC&nbsp;for&nbsp;PS&nbsp;CNF,&nbsp;AS&nbsp;CNF,&nbsp;and&nbsp;WS&nbsp;CNF&nbsp;was&nbsp;calculated&nbsp;as&nbsp;7.99,&nbsp;14.12,&nbsp;and&nbsp;10.78,&nbsp;respectively.&nbsp;The&nbsp;OBC&nbsp;values&nbsp;were&nbsp;11.89,&nbsp;6.65,&nbsp;and&nbsp;9.40,&nbsp;respectively.&nbsp;Nanocellulose&nbsp;offers&nbsp;diverse&nbsp;applications&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;food&nbsp;industry,&nbsp;including&nbsp;its&nbsp;utilization&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;food&nbsp;stabilizer,&nbsp;a&nbsp;functional&nbsp;food&nbsp;ingredient,&nbsp;and&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;biomaterial&nbsp;for&nbsp;food&nbsp;packaging.Lignin&nbsp;also&nbsp;has&nbsp;numerous&nbsp;potential&nbsp;applications&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;agricultural&nbsp;and&nbsp;food&nbsp;industries.&nbsp;In&nbsp;this&nbsp;study,&nbsp;the&nbsp;characterization&nbsp;of&nbsp;cellulose,&nbsp;nanocellulose,&nbsp;and&nbsp;lignin&nbsp;extracted&nbsp;from&nbsp;pistachio,&nbsp;walnut,&nbsp;and&nbsp;almond&nbsp;shells&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed,&nbsp;and&nbsp;their&nbsp;potential&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;converted&nbsp;into&nbsp;value-added&nbsp;products&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;food&nbsp;industry&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;investigated.</p>

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