PRODUCTION OF SUGAR-FREE SOFT GELS CONTAINING HIGH-FIBER PSYLLIUM HUSK POWDER AND DETERMINATION OF SOME QUALITY PROPERTIES

Project no. 32757 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2024

Summary

<p><span style="color: black;">In&nbsp;this&nbsp;thesis,&nbsp;sugar-free&nbsp;soft&nbsp;gels&nbsp;enriched&nbsp;with&nbsp;psyllium&nbsp;husk&nbsp;powder&nbsp;(KOT)&nbsp;and&nbsp;containing&nbsp;agar-agar&nbsp;were&nbsp;produced,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;effects&nbsp;of&nbsp;these&nbsp;formulations&nbsp;on&nbsp;their&nbsp;physicochemical,&nbsp;technological,&nbsp;and&nbsp;sensory&nbsp;properties&nbsp;were&nbsp;investigated.&nbsp;The&nbsp;study&nbsp;aimed&nbsp;to&nbsp;develop&nbsp;a&nbsp;functional&nbsp;product&nbsp;by&nbsp;using&nbsp;agar-agar,&nbsp;a&nbsp;plant-based&nbsp;gelling&nbsp;agent,&nbsp;as&nbsp;an&nbsp;alternative&nbsp;to&nbsp;animal-derived&nbsp;gelatin,&nbsp;together&nbsp;with&nbsp;psyllium&nbsp;husk&nbsp;powder,&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;characterized&nbsp;by&nbsp;its&nbsp;high&nbsp;dietary&nbsp;fiber&nbsp;content.&nbsp;To&nbsp;enhance&nbsp;the&nbsp;antioxidant&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;formulations,&nbsp;blueberry&nbsp;was&nbsp;incorporated,&nbsp;while&nbsp;stevia&nbsp;was&nbsp;used&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;natural&nbsp;sweetener&nbsp;in&nbsp;place&nbsp;of&nbsp;sugar.</span></p><p><span style="color: black;">Within&nbsp;the&nbsp;scope&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;research;&nbsp;a&nbsp;control&nbsp;group&nbsp;(gelatin-based),&nbsp;a&nbsp;group&nbsp;containing&nbsp;pure&nbsp;agar-agar&nbsp;(AA),&nbsp;and&nbsp;soft&nbsp;gels&nbsp;with&nbsp;different&nbsp;ratios&nbsp;of&nbsp;KOT&nbsp;(5&nbsp;g&nbsp;KOT,&nbsp;10&nbsp;g&nbsp;KOT,&nbsp;and&nbsp;15&nbsp;g&nbsp;KOT)&nbsp;added&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;agar-agar&nbsp;matrix&nbsp;were&nbsp;produced.&nbsp;"Within&nbsp;the&nbsp;scope&nbsp;of&nbsp;physical&nbsp;and&nbsp;chemical&nbsp;analyses,&nbsp;water&nbsp;activity,&nbsp;moisture&nbsp;content,&nbsp;ash&nbsp;content,&nbsp;pH,&nbsp;and&nbsp;total&nbsp;soluble&nbsp;solids,&nbsp;as&nbsp;well&nbsp;as&nbsp;color&nbsp;and&nbsp;texture&nbsp;profile&nbsp;analyses&nbsp;(including&nbsp;fracturability,&nbsp;springiness,&nbsp;hardness,&nbsp;cohesiveness,&nbsp;adhesiveness,&nbsp;gumminess,&nbsp;chewiness,&nbsp;and&nbsp;resilience),&nbsp;were&nbsp;measured&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;produced&nbsp;gels&nbsp;during&nbsp;a&nbsp;35-day&nbsp;storage&nbsp;period&nbsp;(on&nbsp;days&nbsp;0,&nbsp;7,&nbsp;14,&nbsp;21,&nbsp;28,&nbsp;and&nbsp;35).&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;evaluation&nbsp;of&nbsp;bioactive&nbsp;properties,&nbsp;total&nbsp;phenolic&nbsp;content,&nbsp;antioxidant&nbsp;activity&nbsp;by&nbsp;DPPH&nbsp;method,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;change&nbsp;of&nbsp;individual&nbsp;phenolic&nbsp;components&nbsp;(caffeic&nbsp;acid,&nbsp;epicatechin,&nbsp;chlorogenic&nbsp;acid)&nbsp;by&nbsp;high&nbsp;performance&nbsp;liquid&nbsp;chromatography&nbsp;(HPLC)&nbsp;method&nbsp;were&nbsp;monitored.&nbsp;In&nbsp;addition,&nbsp;the&nbsp;interactions&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;gels&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;molecular&nbsp;level&nbsp;were&nbsp;examined&nbsp;by&nbsp;fourier&nbsp;transform&nbsp;infrared&nbsp;spectroscopy&nbsp;(FTIR),&nbsp;and&nbsp;their&nbsp;microstructural&nbsp;morphologies&nbsp;were&nbsp;analyzed&nbsp;by&nbsp;scanning&nbsp;electron&nbsp;microscopy&nbsp;(SEM)&nbsp;imaging.&nbsp;Additionally,&nbsp;sensory&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;beginning&nbsp;and&nbsp;end&nbsp;of&nbsp;storage,&nbsp;while&nbsp;microbiological&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;in&nbsp;terms&nbsp;of&nbsp;total&nbsp;mesophilic&nbsp;aerobic&nbsp;bacteria&nbsp;count&nbsp;was&nbsp;carried&nbsp;out&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;end&nbsp;of&nbsp;storage.</span></p><p><span style="color: black;">According&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;results,&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;addition&nbsp;of&nbsp;KOT&nbsp;strengthened&nbsp;the&nbsp;gel&nbsp;matrix&nbsp;and&nbsp;completely&nbsp;prevented&nbsp;syneresis&nbsp;(water&nbsp;release)&nbsp;during&nbsp;storage.&nbsp;In&nbsp;texture&nbsp;analyses,&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;increase&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;amount&nbsp;of&nbsp;KOT&nbsp;caused&nbsp;a&nbsp;gradual&nbsp;increase&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;hardness&nbsp;and&nbsp;chewiness&nbsp;values&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;gels,&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;synergistic&nbsp;structural&nbsp;bond&nbsp;was&nbsp;established&nbsp;between&nbsp;agar-agar&nbsp;and&nbsp;KOT.&nbsp;From&nbsp;a&nbsp;bioactive&nbsp;perspective,&nbsp;antioxidant&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;highest&nbsp;phenolic&nbsp;content&nbsp;were&nbsp;detected&nbsp;in&nbsp;samples&nbsp;containing&nbsp;15&nbsp;g&nbsp;KOT;&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;observed&nbsp;that&nbsp;KOT&nbsp;was&nbsp;effective&nbsp;in&nbsp;protecting&nbsp;blueberry-derived&nbsp;phenolic&nbsp;compounds&nbsp;during&nbsp;storage.&nbsp;SEM&nbsp;images&nbsp;proved&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;porous&nbsp;structure&nbsp;of&nbsp;KOT&nbsp;facilitated&nbsp;the&nbsp;entrapment&nbsp;of&nbsp;water&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;system.&nbsp;According&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;sensory&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;results,&nbsp;samples&nbsp;containing&nbsp;5&nbsp;g&nbsp;and&nbsp;10&nbsp;g&nbsp;KOT&nbsp;received&nbsp;the&nbsp;highest&nbsp;scores&nbsp;in&nbsp;terms&nbsp;of&nbsp;general&nbsp;acceptance.&nbsp;The&nbsp;10&nbsp;g&nbsp;KOT-containing&nbsp;sample&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;considered&nbsp;the&nbsp;most&nbsp;suitable&nbsp;formulation&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;study.&nbsp;As&nbsp;a&nbsp;result,&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;addition&nbsp;of&nbsp;KOT&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;used&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;functional&nbsp;ingredient&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;confectionery&nbsp;industry&nbsp;both&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;structure-forming&nbsp;agent&nbsp;and&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;health-promoting&nbsp;enrichment&nbsp;component,&nbsp;while&nbsp;also&nbsp;providing&nbsp;a&nbsp;plant-based&nbsp;alternative&nbsp;to&nbsp;gelatin.</span></p>

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