Investigation of nucleic acid sequences associated with antiretroviral resistance in whole blood, leukocyte and plasma samples from HIV-1 positive patients

Project no. 28519 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2023

Summary

<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong style="color: black;">ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong style="color: black;">Objective:</strong><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;This&nbsp;study&nbsp;aimed&nbsp;to&nbsp;compare&nbsp;antiretroviral&nbsp;resistance-associated&nbsp;nucleic&nbsp;acid&nbsp;sequences&nbsp;in&nbsp;whole-blood,&nbsp;leukocyte,&nbsp;and&nbsp;plasma&nbsp;samples&nbsp;from&nbsp;HIV-1-positive&nbsp;patients.&nbsp;It&nbsp;also&nbsp;sought&nbsp;to&nbsp;characterize&nbsp;the&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;of&nbsp;resistance-associated&nbsp;variants&nbsp;across&nbsp;biological&nbsp;compartments,&nbsp;identify&nbsp;low-frequency&nbsp;mutations,&nbsp;and&nbsp;delineate&nbsp;intrapatient&nbsp;viral&nbsp;population&nbsp;heterogeneity.&nbsp;Beyond&nbsp;the&nbsp;conventional&nbsp;consensus-based&nbsp;approach,&nbsp;the&nbsp;study&nbsp;further&nbsp;investigated&nbsp;viral&nbsp;quasispecies&nbsp;detected&nbsp;by&nbsp;deep&nbsp;sequencing&nbsp;and&nbsp;evaluated&nbsp;their&nbsp;potential&nbsp;association&nbsp;with&nbsp;drug&nbsp;resistance.</span></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong style="color: black;">Materials&nbsp;and&nbsp;Methods:</strong><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;Sixteen&nbsp;HIV-1-positive&nbsp;patients&nbsp;were&nbsp;included,&nbsp;and&nbsp;plasma,&nbsp;whole-blood,&nbsp;and&nbsp;leukocyte&nbsp;samples&nbsp;were&nbsp;obtained&nbsp;simultaneously&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;blood&nbsp;draw.&nbsp;Viral&nbsp;RNA&nbsp;was&nbsp;extracted&nbsp;from&nbsp;plasma,&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;total&nbsp;nucleic&nbsp;acid&nbsp;was&nbsp;isolated&nbsp;from&nbsp;whole&nbsp;blood&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;leukocyte&nbsp;fraction.&nbsp;The&nbsp;HIV-1&nbsp;</span><em style="color: black;">pol</em><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;region&nbsp;was&nbsp;amplified&nbsp;by&nbsp;one-step&nbsp;RT-PCR&nbsp;followed&nbsp;by&nbsp;nested&nbsp;PCR,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;resulting&nbsp;amplicons&nbsp;were&nbsp;sequenced&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;Illumina&nbsp;MiniSeq&nbsp;platform&nbsp;using&nbsp;2&nbsp;×&nbsp;150&nbsp;bp&nbsp;paired-end&nbsp;reads.&nbsp;Consensus-level&nbsp;drug&nbsp;resistance&nbsp;mutations&nbsp;were&nbsp;interpreted&nbsp;using&nbsp;SierraLocal/Stanford&nbsp;HIVdb,&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;low-frequency&nbsp;variants&nbsp;were&nbsp;analyzed&nbsp;with&nbsp;LoFreq&nbsp;using&nbsp;a&nbsp;minimum&nbsp;coverage&nbsp;threshold&nbsp;of&nbsp;100×&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;variant&nbsp;frequency&nbsp;range&nbsp;of&nbsp;2%–20%.&nbsp;APOBEC-associated&nbsp;G-A&nbsp;hypermutation&nbsp;was&nbsp;assessed&nbsp;using&nbsp;Hypermut&nbsp;3.0.&nbsp;Haplotype&nbsp;reconstruction&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;with&nbsp;CliqueSNV,&nbsp;and&nbsp;compartmentalization&nbsp;was&nbsp;evaluated&nbsp;using&nbsp;TN93-based&nbsp;F</span><sub style="color: black;">ST</sub><span style="color: black;">,&nbsp;Slatkin-Maddison,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Snn&nbsp;tests.&nbsp;Phylogenetic&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;using&nbsp;the&nbsp;maximum-likelihood&nbsp;method.</span></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong style="color: black;">Results:</strong><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;Of&nbsp;the&nbsp;45&nbsp;samples,&nbsp;the&nbsp;P07&nbsp;leukocyte&nbsp;sample&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;P12&nbsp;and&nbsp;P14&nbsp;plasma&nbsp;samples&nbsp;were&nbsp;excluded&nbsp;because&nbsp;of&nbsp;amplification&nbsp;failure,&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;the&nbsp;P15&nbsp;plasma&nbsp;sample&nbsp;was&nbsp;excluded&nbsp;due&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;low&nbsp;mapping&nbsp;rate&nbsp;(0.39%)&nbsp;and&nbsp;insufficient&nbsp;target-region&nbsp;coverage&nbsp;(23.18%).&nbsp;The&nbsp;mean&nbsp;breadth&nbsp;of&nbsp;coverage&nbsp;across&nbsp;the&nbsp;target&nbsp;region&nbsp;was&nbsp;99.5%,&nbsp;the&nbsp;mean&nbsp;sequencing&nbsp;depth&nbsp;was&nbsp;6,441×,&nbsp;and&nbsp;97.2%&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;target&nbsp;region&nbsp;was&nbsp;covered&nbsp;at&nbsp;a&nbsp;depth&nbsp;of&nbsp;at&nbsp;least&nbsp;100×.&nbsp;Although&nbsp;only&nbsp;a&nbsp;limited&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;drug&nbsp;resistance&nbsp;mutations&nbsp;were&nbsp;detected&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;consensus&nbsp;level,&nbsp;low-frequency&nbsp;variant&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;identified&nbsp;at&nbsp;least&nbsp;one&nbsp;such&nbsp;variant&nbsp;in&nbsp;10&nbsp;of&nbsp;16&nbsp;patients&nbsp;(62.5%).&nbsp;Intercompartmental&nbsp;comparisons&nbsp;suggested&nbsp;the&nbsp;presence&nbsp;of&nbsp;archived&nbsp;variants&nbsp;that&nbsp;were&nbsp;undetectable&nbsp;in&nbsp;plasma&nbsp;but&nbsp;detectable&nbsp;in&nbsp;cellular&nbsp;DNA.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;discordance&nbsp;analysis,&nbsp;22&nbsp;of&nbsp;25&nbsp;identified&nbsp;mutations&nbsp;(88%)&nbsp;were&nbsp;discordant,&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;largest&nbsp;proportion&nbsp;detected&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;leukocyte&nbsp;compartment.&nbsp;APOBEC&nbsp;hypermutation&nbsp;screening&nbsp;yielded&nbsp;only&nbsp;two&nbsp;positive&nbsp;results&nbsp;among&nbsp;93&nbsp;tests,&nbsp;both&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;P06_WB&nbsp;sample.&nbsp;Haplotype&nbsp;reconstruction&nbsp;identified&nbsp;a&nbsp;total&nbsp;of&nbsp;515&nbsp;haplotypes&nbsp;across&nbsp;44&nbsp;samples;&nbsp;the&nbsp;mean&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;haplotypes&nbsp;per&nbsp;sample&nbsp;was&nbsp;11.7,&nbsp;the&nbsp;mean&nbsp;Shannon&nbsp;diversity&nbsp;index&nbsp;was&nbsp;1.59,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;mean&nbsp;dominant&nbsp;haplotype&nbsp;frequency&nbsp;was&nbsp;0.47.&nbsp;Compartmentalization&nbsp;was&nbsp;prominent&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;haplotype&nbsp;level:&nbsp;F</span><sub style="color: black;">ST</sub><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;was&nbsp;significant&nbsp;in&nbsp;73.7%&nbsp;of&nbsp;compartment&nbsp;pairs,&nbsp;the&nbsp;Slatkin-Maddison&nbsp;test&nbsp;in&nbsp;87.5%&nbsp;of&nbsp;patients,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Snn&nbsp;test&nbsp;in&nbsp;93.8%.</span></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong style="color: black;">Conclusion:</strong><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;Plasma&nbsp;RNA&nbsp;consensus&nbsp;genotyping&nbsp;alone&nbsp;may&nbsp;miss&nbsp;a&nbsp;substantial&nbsp;proportion&nbsp;of&nbsp;low-frequency&nbsp;and&nbsp;compartment-specific&nbsp;resistance-associated&nbsp;variants&nbsp;in&nbsp;HIV-1.&nbsp;Although&nbsp;proviral&nbsp;DNA-based&nbsp;analyses&nbsp;provide&nbsp;complementary&nbsp;information,&nbsp;they&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;interpreted&nbsp;cautiously&nbsp;because&nbsp;of&nbsp;APOBEC-associated&nbsp;artifacts&nbsp;and&nbsp;preanalytical&nbsp;variability.&nbsp;Detection&nbsp;of&nbsp;reservoir-associated&nbsp;low-frequency&nbsp;variants&nbsp;may&nbsp;require&nbsp;lowering&nbsp;variant-frequency&nbsp;thresholds&nbsp;within&nbsp;an&nbsp;analytically&nbsp;reliable&nbsp;range&nbsp;of&nbsp;2%–20%.&nbsp;The&nbsp;findings&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;interpreted&nbsp;in&nbsp;conjunction&nbsp;with&nbsp;haplotype&nbsp;analysis,&nbsp;compartmentalization&nbsp;testing,&nbsp;and&nbsp;treatment&nbsp;history.&nbsp;Prospective&nbsp;studies&nbsp;in&nbsp;larger&nbsp;cohorts&nbsp;are&nbsp;warranted&nbsp;to&nbsp;clarify&nbsp;the&nbsp;clinical&nbsp;significance&nbsp;of&nbsp;these&nbsp;variants.</span></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong style="color: black;">Keywords:</strong><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;HIV&nbsp;drug&nbsp;resistance,&nbsp;next-generation&nbsp;sequencing,&nbsp;low&nbsp;frequency&nbsp;variants</span></p><p class="ql-align-justify"></p><p></p>

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