Investigation of the effect of hydroxyapatite on the structure and properties of collagen hydrolysate/keratin based biocomposite films obtained from leather industry biological wastes

Project no. 32294 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2024

Summary

<p>The&nbsp;rapid&nbsp;increase&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;world&nbsp;population&nbsp;also&nbsp;causes&nbsp;an&nbsp;increase&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;consumption&nbsp;of&nbsp;animal&nbsp;products,&nbsp;which&nbsp;leads&nbsp;to&nbsp;an&nbsp;increase&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;amount&nbsp;of&nbsp;solid&nbsp;waste,&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;trimming&nbsp;waste&nbsp;resulting&nbsp;from&nbsp;leather&nbsp;production&nbsp;processes,&nbsp;and&nbsp;its&nbsp;negative&nbsp;environmental&nbsp;effects&nbsp;become&nbsp;increasingly&nbsp;apparent.&nbsp;Sustainable&nbsp;packaging&nbsp;films&nbsp;play&nbsp;an&nbsp;important&nbsp;role&nbsp;in&nbsp;preserving&nbsp;the&nbsp;quality&nbsp;of&nbsp;products&nbsp;while&nbsp;prioritizing&nbsp;environmental&nbsp;sustainability.&nbsp;Accordingly,&nbsp;the&nbsp;need&nbsp;for&nbsp;biopolymers&nbsp;as&nbsp;alternatives&nbsp;to&nbsp;non-biocompatible&nbsp;and/or&nbsp;environmentally&nbsp;harmful&nbsp;synthetic&nbsp;materials&nbsp;used&nbsp;in&nbsp;packaging&nbsp;films&nbsp;is&nbsp;increasing&nbsp;in&nbsp;various&nbsp;fields.</p><p>Collagen&nbsp;hydrolysate&nbsp;(CH)&nbsp;obtained&nbsp;from&nbsp;leather&nbsp;industry&nbsp;trimming&nbsp;waste&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;identified&nbsp;as&nbsp;Type&nbsp;I&nbsp;using&nbsp;sodium&nbsp;dodecyl&nbsp;sulfate-polyacrylamide&nbsp;gel&nbsp;electrophoresis&nbsp;(SDS-PAGE),&nbsp;while&nbsp;the&nbsp;molecular&nbsp;weight&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;extracted&nbsp;keratin&nbsp;(K)&nbsp;samples&nbsp;was&nbsp;found&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;range&nbsp;of&nbsp;32-56&nbsp;kDa.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;stage,&nbsp;nine&nbsp;different&nbsp;concentrations&nbsp;of&nbsp;KH&nbsp;and&nbsp;KH&nbsp;were&nbsp;used&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;KH/K&nbsp;ratio&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;best&nbsp;water&nbsp;barrier&nbsp;property&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;as&nbsp;KH30/K70.&nbsp;While&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;thickness&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;KH30/K70&nbsp;based&nbsp;composite&nbsp;films&nbsp;increased&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;increase&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;K&nbsp;ratio&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;films,&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;physicochemical&nbsp;properties&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;films&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;moisture&nbsp;content&nbsp;(%),&nbsp;water&nbsp;solubility&nbsp;(%),&nbsp;and&nbsp;water&nbsp;vapor&nbsp;permeability&nbsp;decreased&nbsp;significantly&nbsp;up&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;K&nbsp;level&nbsp;of&nbsp;70%,&nbsp;and&nbsp;then&nbsp;started&nbsp;to&nbsp;increase&nbsp;again&nbsp;(p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.05).</p><p></p><p>In&nbsp;the&nbsp;second&nbsp;stage,&nbsp;KH30/K70&nbsp;based&nbsp;films&nbsp;and&nbsp;films&nbsp;containing&nbsp;nano&nbsp;hydroxyapatite&nbsp;(HA)&nbsp;at&nbsp;different&nbsp;weight&nbsp;percentages&nbsp;(0.5%,&nbsp;1%,&nbsp;1.5%,&nbsp;2%&nbsp;and&nbsp;2.5%)&nbsp;were&nbsp;prepared&nbsp;by&nbsp;solvent&nbsp;casting.&nbsp;While&nbsp;significant&nbsp;decreases&nbsp;were&nbsp;observed&nbsp;in&nbsp;moisture&nbsp;content&nbsp;(14.173-10.848%),&nbsp;water&nbsp;solubility&nbsp;(27.389-17.287%),&nbsp;water&nbsp;vapor&nbsp;permeability&nbsp;(0.998-0.694&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−11</sup>&nbsp;g&nbsp;m/Pa&nbsp;h&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>)&nbsp;and&nbsp;elongation&nbsp;at&nbsp;break&nbsp;(32.189-20.879%)&nbsp;values&nbsp;of&nbsp;KH30/K70/HA&nbsp;based&nbsp;films&nbsp;containing&nbsp;HA&nbsp;from&nbsp;0.5%&nbsp;to&nbsp;2%,&nbsp;significant&nbsp;increases&nbsp;were&nbsp;observed&nbsp;in&nbsp;tensile&nbsp;strength&nbsp;(13.442-21.453&nbsp;MPa)&nbsp;and&nbsp;elastic&nbsp;modulus&nbsp;(145.475-196.583&nbsp;MPa)&nbsp;values&nbsp;(p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.05).&nbsp;When&nbsp;the&nbsp;HA&nbsp;ratio&nbsp;in&nbsp;KH30/K70/HA&nbsp;based&nbsp;films&nbsp;was&nbsp;increased&nbsp;to&nbsp;2.5%,&nbsp;significant&nbsp;increases&nbsp;were&nbsp;observed&nbsp;in&nbsp;moisture&nbsp;content&nbsp;(11.364%),&nbsp;water&nbsp;solubility&nbsp;(18.331%),&nbsp;water&nbsp;vapor&nbsp;permeability&nbsp;(0.825&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−11</sup>&nbsp;g&nbsp;m/Pa&nbsp;h&nbsp;m2)&nbsp;and&nbsp;elongation&nbsp;at&nbsp;break&nbsp;(24.406%)&nbsp;values,&nbsp;while&nbsp;significant&nbsp;decreases&nbsp;were&nbsp;observed&nbsp;in&nbsp;tensile&nbsp;strength&nbsp;(17.988&nbsp;MPa)&nbsp;and&nbsp;elastic&nbsp;modulus&nbsp;(167.785&nbsp;MPa)&nbsp;values&nbsp;(p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.05).&nbsp;In&nbsp;addition,&nbsp;increases&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;HA&nbsp;ratio&nbsp;(0.5-2.5%)&nbsp;in&nbsp;KH30/K70/HA&nbsp;based&nbsp;films&nbsp;increased&nbsp;the&nbsp;transparency&nbsp;values&nbsp;and&nbsp;reduced&nbsp;the&nbsp;light&nbsp;transmittance&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;ultraviolet&nbsp;and&nbsp;visible&nbsp;regions.&nbsp;Fourier&nbsp;transform&nbsp;infrared&nbsp;(FTIR)&nbsp;results&nbsp;revealed&nbsp;that&nbsp;hydrogen&nbsp;bond&nbsp;interactions&nbsp;occurred&nbsp;between&nbsp;KH30/K70&nbsp;and&nbsp;HA,&nbsp;resulting&nbsp;in&nbsp;more&nbsp;compact&nbsp;structures&nbsp;of&nbsp;KH30/K70/HA&nbsp;based&nbsp;films.&nbsp;Additionally,&nbsp;differential&nbsp;scanning&nbsp;calorimetry&nbsp;(DSC)&nbsp;and&nbsp;thermogravimetric&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;(TGA)&nbsp;results&nbsp;showed&nbsp;that&nbsp;HA&nbsp;improved&nbsp;the&nbsp;thermal&nbsp;stability&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;composite&nbsp;film.&nbsp;SEM&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;revealed&nbsp;that&nbsp;KH30/K70/HA&nbsp;based&nbsp;film&nbsp;samples&nbsp;containing&nbsp;HA&nbsp;had&nbsp;a&nbsp;more&nbsp;compact&nbsp;and&nbsp;homogeneous&nbsp;structure&nbsp;compared&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;control&nbsp;KH30/K70&nbsp;film.</p><p>This&nbsp;study&nbsp;highlights&nbsp;the&nbsp;great&nbsp;potential&nbsp;of&nbsp;waste&nbsp;biomass&nbsp;derived&nbsp;materials&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;KH&nbsp;and&nbsp;K&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;preparation&nbsp;of&nbsp;functional&nbsp;films,&nbsp;offering&nbsp;promising&nbsp;application&nbsp;prospects&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;context&nbsp;of&nbsp;packaging&nbsp;as&nbsp;well&nbsp;as&nbsp;an&nbsp;alternative&nbsp;to&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;the&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;environmentally&nbsp;hazardous&nbsp;plastics.</p>

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