COMBINED TREATMEMT EFFECT OF PANITUMUMAB TARGETED HYPERICUM PERFORATUM LOADED PLGA-PEG NANOPARTICLES ON COLON CANCER
Project no. 33057 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2025
Summary
<p> Colorectal cancer remains a major focus of current therapeutic research due to its high incidence and the resistance mechanisms that may limit treatment efficacy. Conventional treatment approaches are often restricted by systemic toxicity, off-target effects, and the development of drug resistance. Therefore, nanotechnology-based delivery systems capable of selectively targeting cancer cells, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and reducing undesirable effects on noncancerous cells have attracted considerable attention. </p><p> The aim of this thesis was to evaluate PLGA–PEG nanoparticles encapsulating <em>Hypericum perforatum</em> (<em>Hp</em>) extract and conjugated with Panitumumab (PmAb) as a therapeutic approach for colorectal cancer cells. Within this scope, Hp extract was encapsulated into PLGA–PEG nanoparticles, and a PmAb conjugation reaction was performed on the nanoparticle surface for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay, in vitro release studies, and DPBF absorbance analysis. Their biological activity was evaluated by cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, fluorescence microscopy, and apoptosis analyses in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 and the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293, which was used as the control group. </p><p> The synthesized PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>–PmAb nanoparticles exhibited an average hydrodynamic diameter of 106.1 ± 10.1 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.326 ± 0.055, and a zeta potential of −39.2 ± 5.5 mV. These findings indicate that the prepared nanoparticles possessed nanoscale dimensions and suitable colloidal stability. The Hp encapsulation efficiency was determined to range from 65.3% to 87.79%, while the amount of conjugated PmAb was approximately 33 µg/mg nanoparticle. <em>In vitro</em> release studies demonstrated that Hp release was pHdependent, reaching approximately 8.0% cumulative release after 96 h at pH 5.5, whereas cumulative release remained below 1% at pH 7.4. In the DPBF absorbance analysis, a decrease in DPBF absorbance was observed following light irradiation after PmAb conjugation. This finding supports the persistence of the photochemical response associated with singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation by the nanoparticles. </p><p> Cytotoxicity analyses demonstrated a marked reduction in HT-29 cell viability, particularly in the PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em> and PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>–PmAb groups. Under photodynamic therapy conditions, PLGA–PEG–Hp–PmAb nanoparticles reduced HT-29 cell viability to 8.5% at a light dose of 30 J/cm² and a concentration of 100 µg/mL, whereas cell viability in HEK-293 cells was 21% under the same conditions. These findings indicate that the nanoparticles exerted a more pronounced cytotoxic effect on HT-29 cells than on HEK-293 cells. Intracellular ROS analysis revealed that ROS production reached 142% in HT-29 cells but remained at 78.5% in HEK-293 cells under the same experimental conditions. Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry analysis showed that the total apoptosis rate in the PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>–PmAb group after photodynamic therapy was 47.9%, and a distinct late apoptotic/secondary necrotic cell population was observed only in this group. </p><p> In conclusion, PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>–PmAb nanoparticles were synthesized to combine the photodynamic effect of <em>Hp</em> with the PmAb-mediated EGFR-targeting approach within the same nanocarrier system. The obtained findings demonstrated that these nanoparticles induced a cytotoxic response in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells and provide experimental data for further evaluation within the scope of targeted photodynamic therapy studies. </p>