COMBINED TREATMEMT EFFECT OF PANITUMUMAB TARGETED HYPERICUM PERFORATUM LOADED PLGA-PEG NANOPARTICLES ON COLON CANCER

Project no. 33057 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2025

Summary

<p> Colorectal&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;remains&nbsp;a&nbsp;major&nbsp;focus&nbsp;of&nbsp;current&nbsp;therapeutic&nbsp;research&nbsp;due&nbsp;to&nbsp;its&nbsp;high&nbsp;incidence&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;resistance&nbsp;mechanisms&nbsp;that&nbsp;may&nbsp;limit&nbsp;treatment&nbsp;efficacy.&nbsp;Conventional&nbsp;treatment&nbsp;approaches&nbsp;are&nbsp;often&nbsp;restricted&nbsp;by&nbsp;systemic&nbsp;toxicity,&nbsp;off-target&nbsp;effects,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;development&nbsp;of&nbsp;drug&nbsp;resistance.&nbsp;Therefore,&nbsp;nanotechnology-based&nbsp;delivery&nbsp;systems&nbsp;capable&nbsp;of&nbsp;selectively&nbsp;targeting&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells,&nbsp;enhancing&nbsp;therapeutic&nbsp;efficacy,&nbsp;and&nbsp;reducing&nbsp;undesirable&nbsp;effects&nbsp;on&nbsp;noncancerous&nbsp;cells&nbsp;have&nbsp;attracted&nbsp;considerable&nbsp;attention.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p> The&nbsp;aim&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;thesis&nbsp;was&nbsp;to&nbsp;evaluate&nbsp;PLGA–PEG&nbsp;nanoparticles&nbsp;encapsulating&nbsp;<em>Hypericum&nbsp;perforatum</em>&nbsp;(<em>Hp</em>)&nbsp;extract&nbsp;and&nbsp;conjugated&nbsp;with&nbsp;Panitumumab&nbsp;(PmAb)&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;therapeutic&nbsp;approach&nbsp;for&nbsp;colorectal&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells.&nbsp;Within&nbsp;this&nbsp;scope,&nbsp;Hp&nbsp;extract&nbsp;was&nbsp;encapsulated&nbsp;into&nbsp;PLGA–PEG&nbsp;nanoparticles,&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;PmAb&nbsp;conjugation&nbsp;reaction&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;nanoparticle&nbsp;surface&nbsp;for&nbsp;epidermal&nbsp;growth&nbsp;factor&nbsp;receptor&nbsp;(EGFR)&nbsp;targeting.&nbsp;The&nbsp;synthesized&nbsp;nanoparticles&nbsp;were&nbsp;characterized&nbsp;using&nbsp;UV–Vis&nbsp;spectrophotometry,&nbsp;dynamic&nbsp;light&nbsp;scattering&nbsp;(DLS),&nbsp;zeta&nbsp;potential&nbsp;analysis,&nbsp;scanning&nbsp;electron&nbsp;microscopy&nbsp;(SEM),&nbsp;Fouriertransform&nbsp;infrared&nbsp;spectroscopy&nbsp;(FT-IR),&nbsp;bicinchoninic&nbsp;acid&nbsp;(BCA)&nbsp;protein&nbsp;assay,&nbsp;in&nbsp;vitro&nbsp;release&nbsp;studies,&nbsp;and&nbsp;DPBF&nbsp;absorbance&nbsp;analysis.&nbsp;Their&nbsp;biological&nbsp;activity&nbsp;was&nbsp;evaluated&nbsp;by&nbsp;cytotoxicity,&nbsp;intracellular&nbsp;reactive&nbsp;oxygen&nbsp;species&nbsp;(ROS)&nbsp;production,&nbsp;fluorescence&nbsp;microscopy,&nbsp;and&nbsp;apoptosis&nbsp;analyses&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;human&nbsp;colorectal&nbsp;adenocarcinoma&nbsp;cell&nbsp;line&nbsp;HT-29&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;human&nbsp;embryonic&nbsp;kidney&nbsp;cell&nbsp;line&nbsp;HEK-293,&nbsp;which&nbsp;was&nbsp;used&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;control&nbsp;group.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p> The&nbsp;synthesized&nbsp;PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>–PmAb&nbsp;nanoparticles&nbsp;exhibited&nbsp;an&nbsp;average&nbsp;hydrodynamic&nbsp;diameter&nbsp;of&nbsp;106.1&nbsp;±&nbsp;10.1&nbsp;nm,&nbsp;a&nbsp;polydispersity&nbsp;index&nbsp;of&nbsp;0.326&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.055,&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;zeta&nbsp;potential&nbsp;of&nbsp;−39.2&nbsp;±&nbsp;5.5&nbsp;mV.&nbsp;These&nbsp;findings&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;prepared&nbsp;nanoparticles&nbsp;possessed&nbsp;nanoscale&nbsp;dimensions&nbsp;and&nbsp;suitable&nbsp;colloidal&nbsp;stability.&nbsp;The&nbsp;Hp&nbsp;encapsulation&nbsp;efficiency&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;to&nbsp;range&nbsp;from&nbsp;65.3%&nbsp;to&nbsp;87.79%,&nbsp;while&nbsp;the&nbsp;amount&nbsp;of&nbsp;conjugated&nbsp;PmAb&nbsp;was&nbsp;approximately&nbsp;33&nbsp;µg/mg&nbsp;nanoparticle.&nbsp;<em>In&nbsp;vitro</em>&nbsp;release&nbsp;studies&nbsp;demonstrated&nbsp;that&nbsp;Hp&nbsp;release&nbsp;was&nbsp;pHdependent,&nbsp;reaching&nbsp;approximately&nbsp;8.0%&nbsp;cumulative&nbsp;release&nbsp;after&nbsp;96&nbsp;h&nbsp;at&nbsp;pH&nbsp;5.5,&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;cumulative&nbsp;release&nbsp;remained&nbsp;below&nbsp;1%&nbsp;at&nbsp;pH&nbsp;7.4.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;DPBF&nbsp;absorbance&nbsp;analysis,&nbsp;a&nbsp;decrease&nbsp;in&nbsp;DPBF&nbsp;absorbance&nbsp;was&nbsp;observed&nbsp;following&nbsp;light&nbsp;irradiation&nbsp;after&nbsp;PmAb&nbsp;conjugation.&nbsp;This&nbsp;finding&nbsp;supports&nbsp;the&nbsp;persistence&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;photochemical&nbsp;response&nbsp;associated&nbsp;with&nbsp;singlet&nbsp;oxygen&nbsp;(¹O₂)&nbsp;generation&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;nanoparticles.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p> Cytotoxicity&nbsp;analyses&nbsp;demonstrated&nbsp;a&nbsp;marked&nbsp;reduction&nbsp;in&nbsp;HT-29&nbsp;cell&nbsp;viability,&nbsp;particularly&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>–PmAb&nbsp;groups.&nbsp;Under&nbsp;photodynamic&nbsp;therapy&nbsp;conditions,&nbsp;PLGA–PEG–Hp–PmAb&nbsp;nanoparticles&nbsp;reduced&nbsp;HT-29&nbsp;cell&nbsp;viability&nbsp;to&nbsp;8.5%&nbsp;at&nbsp;a&nbsp;light&nbsp;dose&nbsp;of&nbsp;30&nbsp;J/cm²&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;concentration&nbsp;of&nbsp;100&nbsp;µg/mL,&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;cell&nbsp;viability&nbsp;in&nbsp;HEK-293&nbsp;cells&nbsp;was&nbsp;21%&nbsp;under&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;conditions.&nbsp;These&nbsp;findings&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;nanoparticles&nbsp;exerted&nbsp;a&nbsp;more&nbsp;pronounced&nbsp;cytotoxic&nbsp;effect&nbsp;on&nbsp;HT-29&nbsp;cells&nbsp;than&nbsp;on&nbsp;HEK-293&nbsp;cells.&nbsp;Intracellular&nbsp;ROS&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;revealed&nbsp;that&nbsp;ROS&nbsp;production&nbsp;reached&nbsp;142%&nbsp;in&nbsp;HT-29&nbsp;cells&nbsp;but&nbsp;remained&nbsp;at&nbsp;78.5%&nbsp;in&nbsp;HEK-293&nbsp;cells&nbsp;under&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;experimental&nbsp;conditions.&nbsp;Annexin&nbsp;V-FITC/PI&nbsp;flow&nbsp;cytometry&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;showed&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;total&nbsp;apoptosis&nbsp;rate&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>–PmAb&nbsp;group&nbsp;after&nbsp;photodynamic&nbsp;therapy&nbsp;was&nbsp;47.9%,&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;distinct&nbsp;late&nbsp;apoptotic/secondary&nbsp;necrotic&nbsp;cell&nbsp;population&nbsp;was&nbsp;observed&nbsp;only&nbsp;in&nbsp;this&nbsp;group.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p> In&nbsp;conclusion,&nbsp;PLGA–PEG–<em>Hp</em>–PmAb&nbsp;nanoparticles&nbsp;were&nbsp;synthesized&nbsp;to&nbsp;combine&nbsp;the&nbsp;photodynamic&nbsp;effect&nbsp;of&nbsp;<em>Hp</em>&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;PmAb-mediated&nbsp;EGFR-targeting&nbsp;approach&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;nanocarrier&nbsp;system.&nbsp;The&nbsp;obtained&nbsp;findings&nbsp;demonstrated&nbsp;that&nbsp;these&nbsp;nanoparticles&nbsp;induced&nbsp;a&nbsp;cytotoxic&nbsp;response&nbsp;in&nbsp;HT-29&nbsp;colorectal&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells&nbsp;and&nbsp;provide&nbsp;experimental&nbsp;data&nbsp;for&nbsp;further&nbsp;evaluation&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;scope&nbsp;of&nbsp;targeted&nbsp;photodynamic&nbsp;therapy&nbsp;studies.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

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