Development of a reverse iontophoresis-based electrochemical immunosensor for the noninvasive determination of homocysteine, myoglobin and fatty acid binding protein (FABP), biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction
Project no. 23494 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2021
Summary
<p>Heart diseases are the uppermost cause of death in the world. According to the forcasts made prospectively, it is predicted that it will continue to be the leading cause of death for a long time longer. The total number of deaths in 2023 in the world was around 57 million. In the WHO Statistics 2023 report, it was reported that the United Nations estimated that the number of global deaths in 2048 will approach 90 million, and that WHO predicted that 77 million of this number will be due to NCD deaths, and that this number represents an increase of up to 90% in absolute numbers compared to 2019. According to WHO 2019 data, 17.9 million of the 57 million deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases, 8.9 million of these are due to ischemic heart disease, and 6.12 million of these are due to stroke. Deaths from AMI occur within the first hour. Intervention in the first 6 hours of AMI diagnosis is life-saving. This situation reveals how important early diagnosis is. 80% of the deaths occurred in low and middle-income countries. The fact that the mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases, which can be prevented with a conscious healthy diet, healthy lifestyle and various treatments are so high causes the studies on early detection, diagnosis, timely treatment and development of prevention strategies for this disease, which is important for human life to continue. Unlike the currently used AMI diagnostic methods such as ECG and blood tests, this study aimed to determine some biomarkers (HMC, MYG and FABP) that are important in the diagnosis of AMI non-invasively using reverse iontophoresis and to contribute to the early diagnosis of heart attack. Thus, non-invasive determination methods for continuous monitoring of some physiological parameters (biomarkers) will be developed and comparisons can be made with standard determination methods. For this purpose, CPEs were designed for electrochemical measurement of biomarkers identified for AMI, and these biomarkers were determined using DPV and CV methods. Additionally, extraction was performed using the reverse iontophoresis method and measurements were taken. After the calibration process, measurement results could be obtained as 3 ng/mL for FABP in the 1-50 ng/mL concentration range, 15 µM for HMC in the 5-100 µM concentration range, and 40 ng/mL for MYG in the 20-100 ng/mL concentration range. In addition, optimization studies such as stability, interference, and incubation location were also carried out. Due to cardiovascular diseases and acute coronary syndrome cases, which are among the leading causes of death in the world and are preventable, results arise as illness, disability, incapacity to work, decreased comfort of life, use of many medications, congestion in hospitals, and treatment costs. This situation negatively affects individuals and the country's economy. Therefore, it is possible to minimize the damage for both individuals and the country by taking precautions before getting sick, early diagnosis and early intervention. In addition, in many countries, including ours, the transition process to telemedicine applications is included in strategic plans. In the literature search, no other studies were found except for one doctoral thesis and our published article on the non-invasive determination of biomarkers with the TI method. It is hoped that this study will fill the gap in the literature and set an example for those who want to work on this subject.</p>