Determination of Gene Region Responsible for Ribotoxin Production in Microfungi, Research of Ribotoxin Production and Investigation of Cytotoxic Effect in Some Cancer Cells

Project no. 23816 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2022

Summary

<p class="ql-align-justify">The&nbsp;aim&nbsp;of&nbsp;our&nbsp;study&nbsp;is&nbsp;to&nbsp;determine&nbsp;the&nbsp;presence&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;responsible&nbsp;for&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;production&nbsp;in&nbsp;microfungi&nbsp;and&nbsp;to&nbsp;perform&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;production&nbsp;from&nbsp;microfungi&nbsp;with&nbsp;this&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;and&nbsp;to&nbsp;investigate&nbsp;its&nbsp;cytotoxic&nbsp;effect&nbsp;on&nbsp;some&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells&nbsp;in&nbsp;case&nbsp;of&nbsp;production.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Fungal&nbsp;secondary&nbsp;metabolites&nbsp;known&nbsp;as&nbsp;ribotoxins&nbsp;are&nbsp;members&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;family&nbsp;of&nbsp;ribosome&nbsp;inactivating&nbsp;proteins.&nbsp;They&nbsp;cause&nbsp;cell&nbsp;death&nbsp;through&nbsp;apoptosis&nbsp;and&nbsp;inhibit&nbsp;protein&nbsp;synthesis&nbsp;by&nbsp;exhibiting&nbsp;a&nbsp;highly&nbsp;specific&nbsp;nucleolytic&nbsp;activity&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;phosphodiester&nbsp;bond&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;highly&nbsp;conserved&nbsp;sarcin/ricin&nbsp;domain&nbsp;in&nbsp;28S&nbsp;rRNA.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">In&nbsp;our&nbsp;study,&nbsp;165&nbsp;microfungi&nbsp;were&nbsp;isolated&nbsp;from&nbsp;various&nbsp;agricultural&nbsp;land&nbsp;soils,&nbsp;soils&nbsp;in&nbsp;regions&nbsp;with&nbsp;extreme&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;around&nbsp;thermal&nbsp;spring&nbsp;waters,&nbsp;storages&nbsp;of&nbsp;spices&nbsp;offered&nbsp;for&nbsp;open&nbsp;sale&nbsp;and&nbsp;plant-based&nbsp;animal&nbsp;feed&nbsp;raw&nbsp;materials,&nbsp;and&nbsp;silos.&nbsp;Phenotypic&nbsp;identification&nbsp;of&nbsp;all&nbsp;isolated&nbsp;fungi&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;genus&nbsp;level&nbsp;using&nbsp;phenotypic&nbsp;methodsKQ1-KQ2&nbsp;primers,&nbsp;which&nbsp;are&nbsp;said&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;specific&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;gene&nbsp;area&nbsp;causing&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;synthesis&nbsp;in&nbsp;fungi,&nbsp;were&nbsp;used&nbsp;in&nbsp;PCRs&nbsp;to&nbsp;examine&nbsp;whether&nbsp;the&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;was&nbsp;present&nbsp;in&nbsp;any&nbsp;genotypically&nbsp;characterized&nbsp;isolates.In&nbsp;addition,&nbsp;the&nbsp;presence&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;in&nbsp;all&nbsp;fungal&nbsp;isolates&nbsp;was&nbsp;examined&nbsp;by&nbsp;performing&nbsp;PCR&nbsp;operations&nbsp;with&nbsp;a&nbsp;second&nbsp;primer&nbsp;pair&nbsp;specific&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">The&nbsp;PCR&nbsp;products&nbsp;that&nbsp;were&nbsp;produced&nbsp;were&nbsp;forwarded&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;sequenced.&nbsp;Finch&nbsp;TV&nbsp;(Blast)&nbsp;and&nbsp;ApE&nbsp;were&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;assess&nbsp;the&nbsp;sequence&nbsp;findings&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;analysis.&nbsp;On&nbsp;the&nbsp;publicly&nbsp;accessible&nbsp;GenBank&nbsp;website,&nbsp;https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi&nbsp;(NCBI),&nbsp;the&nbsp;nucleotide&nbsp;sequences&nbsp;were&nbsp;compared&nbsp;and&nbsp;their&nbsp;commonalities&nbsp;were&nbsp;investigated.&nbsp;Six&nbsp;out&nbsp;of&nbsp;165&nbsp;fungal&nbsp;isolates&nbsp;had&nbsp;the&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;present,&nbsp;according&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;research.&nbsp;The&nbsp;ITS&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;universally&nbsp;conserved&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;in&nbsp;fungi.&nbsp;The&nbsp;microfungi&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;the&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;responsible&nbsp;for&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;production&nbsp;was&nbsp;detected&nbsp;were&nbsp;sent&nbsp;for&nbsp;sequence&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;by&nbsp;performing&nbsp;PCR&nbsp;with&nbsp;ITS1&nbsp;and&nbsp;ITS4&nbsp;primers.&nbsp;The&nbsp;ITS&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;universally&nbsp;conserved&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;in&nbsp;fungi.&nbsp;The&nbsp;microfungi&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;the&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;responsible&nbsp;for&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;production&nbsp;was&nbsp;detected&nbsp;were&nbsp;sent&nbsp;for&nbsp;sequence&nbsp;analysis&nbsp;by&nbsp;performing&nbsp;PCR&nbsp;with&nbsp;ITS1&nbsp;and&nbsp;ITS4&nbsp;primers.&nbsp;The&nbsp;obtained&nbsp;results&nbsp;were&nbsp;examined&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;NCBI&nbsp;page&nbsp;and&nbsp;genotypic&nbsp;species&nbsp;determination&nbsp;was&nbsp;carried&nbsp;out.The&nbsp;specific&nbsp;ribonuclease&nbsp;activity&nbsp;(release&nbsp;of&nbsp;α-fragment)&nbsp;of&nbsp;ribotoxins&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;for&nbsp;6&nbsp;fungal&nbsp;isolates&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;the&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;gene&nbsp;region&nbsp;was&nbsp;detected,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;activity&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;isolates&nbsp;to&nbsp;cleave&nbsp;a&nbsp;nucleotide&nbsp;fragment&nbsp;of&nbsp;approximately&nbsp;400&nbsp;bases&nbsp;from&nbsp;28S&nbsp;RNA&nbsp;was&nbsp;examined.&nbsp;As&nbsp;a&nbsp;result&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;examination,&nbsp;4&nbsp;isolates&nbsp;showed&nbsp;this&nbsp;activity.&nbsp;The&nbsp;production&nbsp;of&nbsp;4&nbsp;fungal&nbsp;isolates&nbsp;showing&nbsp;α-fragment&nbsp;release&nbsp;activity&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;defined&nbsp;medium&nbsp;for&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;production&nbsp;and&nbsp;SDS&nbsp;polyacrylamide&nbsp;gel&nbsp;electrophoresis&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed.&nbsp;Later,&nbsp;after&nbsp;partial&nbsp;purification&nbsp;and&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;production&nbsp;from&nbsp;these&nbsp;isolates,&nbsp;cell&nbsp;culture&nbsp;and&nbsp;cytotoxicity&nbsp;studies&nbsp;were&nbsp;performed.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Human&nbsp;liver&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cell&nbsp;line&nbsp;HepG2,&nbsp;human&nbsp;pancreatic&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cell&nbsp;line&nbsp;PANC1,&nbsp;human&nbsp;lung&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cell&nbsp;line&nbsp;A549,&nbsp;prostate&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cell&nbsp;line&nbsp;PC3&nbsp;and&nbsp;breast&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cell&nbsp;line&nbsp;MCF-7&nbsp;and&nbsp;healthy&nbsp;human&nbsp;lung&nbsp;fibroblast&nbsp;cell&nbsp;line&nbsp;CCD&nbsp;34&nbsp;LU&nbsp;cells&nbsp;were&nbsp;used&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;study.&nbsp;M.T.T&nbsp;(3-(4,5-Di&nbsp;methyl&nbsp;thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Di&nbsp;phenyl&nbsp;tetrazolium&nbsp;Bromide)&nbsp;test&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;to&nbsp;examine&nbsp;the&nbsp;cytotoxic&nbsp;effect&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;produced&nbsp;ribotoxin&nbsp;samples&nbsp;on&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells.</p>

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