Production of Soy and Oat Based Probiotic Beverage and Enriched with Carob Flour

Project no. 32679 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2024

Summary

<p class="ql-align-justify"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In&nbsp;this&nbsp;thesis&nbsp;study,&nbsp;the&nbsp;aim&nbsp;was&nbsp;to&nbsp;develop&nbsp;a&nbsp;soy-&nbsp;and&nbsp;oat-based&nbsp;probiotic&nbsp;beverage&nbsp;enriched&nbsp;with&nbsp;carob&nbsp;flour&nbsp;(</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Ceratonia&nbsp;siliqua</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;L.).&nbsp;The&nbsp;developed&nbsp;product&nbsp;was&nbsp;designed&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;both&nbsp;nutritionally&nbsp;rich&nbsp;and&nbsp;capable&nbsp;of&nbsp;meeting&nbsp;the&nbsp;increasing&nbsp;consumer&nbsp;demand&nbsp;for&nbsp;plant-based&nbsp;milk&nbsp;alternatives.&nbsp;Two&nbsp;different&nbsp;probiotic&nbsp;strains&nbsp;were&nbsp;used&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;fermentation&nbsp;processes:&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Lactobacillus&nbsp;acidophilus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;LA-5&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Lacticaseibacillus&nbsp;rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;GG.&nbsp;The&nbsp;research&nbsp;was&nbsp;conducted&nbsp;in&nbsp;three&nbsp;main&nbsp;stages.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;stage,&nbsp;the&nbsp;most&nbsp;suitable&nbsp;soy–oat&nbsp;beverage&nbsp;ratio&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;by&nbsp;considering&nbsp;physicochemical,&nbsp;microbiological,&nbsp;and&nbsp;sensory&nbsp;properties.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;second&nbsp;stage,&nbsp;fermentation&nbsp;conditions,&nbsp;particularly&nbsp;fermentation&nbsp;time,&nbsp;temperature,&nbsp;and&nbsp;carob&nbsp;flour&nbsp;concentration,&nbsp;were&nbsp;optimized&nbsp;using&nbsp;Response&nbsp;Surface&nbsp;Methodology&nbsp;(RSM)&nbsp;based&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;Central&nbsp;Composite&nbsp;Design&nbsp;(CCD).&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;final&nbsp;stage,&nbsp;the&nbsp;microbiological&nbsp;characteristics,&nbsp;physicochemical&nbsp;stability,&nbsp;antioxidant&nbsp;activity,&nbsp;and&nbsp;sensory&nbsp;properties&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;optimized&nbsp;beverages&nbsp;were&nbsp;evaluated&nbsp;throughout&nbsp;a&nbsp;28-day&nbsp;storage&nbsp;period.&nbsp;As&nbsp;a&nbsp;result&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;preliminary&nbsp;studies,&nbsp;the&nbsp;most&nbsp;suitable&nbsp;beverage&nbsp;ratio&nbsp;in&nbsp;terms&nbsp;of&nbsp;probiotic&nbsp;viability&nbsp;and&nbsp;sensory&nbsp;quality&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;as&nbsp;70%&nbsp;oat&nbsp;and&nbsp;30%&nbsp;soy.&nbsp;The&nbsp;optimum&nbsp;fermentation&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;were&nbsp;identified&nbsp;as&nbsp;9.27%&nbsp;carob&nbsp;flour,&nbsp;16.8&nbsp;h,&nbsp;and&nbsp;36.6°C&nbsp;for&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L.&nbsp;acidophilus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;LA-5,&nbsp;and&nbsp;9.91%&nbsp;carob&nbsp;flour,&nbsp;8.2&nbsp;h,&nbsp;and&nbsp;35.4°C&nbsp;for&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L.&nbsp;rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;GG.&nbsp;Under&nbsp;these&nbsp;conditions,&nbsp;probiotic&nbsp;counts&nbsp;above&nbsp;6&nbsp;log&nbsp;CFU/mL&nbsp;were&nbsp;maintained&nbsp;for&nbsp;21&nbsp;days&nbsp;in&nbsp;samples&nbsp;fermented&nbsp;with&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L.&nbsp;acidophilus&nbsp;</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">LA-5&nbsp;and&nbsp;for&nbsp;28&nbsp;days&nbsp;in&nbsp;samples&nbsp;fermented&nbsp;with&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L.&nbsp;rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;GG.&nbsp;When&nbsp;compared&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;control&nbsp;groups&nbsp;containing&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;probiotic&nbsp;strains&nbsp;but&nbsp;without&nbsp;carob&nbsp;flour,&nbsp;the&nbsp;carob&nbsp;flour–enriched&nbsp;samples&nbsp;(KPSYİ)&nbsp;exhibited&nbsp;significantly&nbsp;higher&nbsp;stability&nbsp;in&nbsp;both&nbsp;microbiological&nbsp;and&nbsp;physicochemical&nbsp;terms.&nbsp;In&nbsp;particular,&nbsp;pH&nbsp;values&nbsp;remained&nbsp;more&nbsp;constant&nbsp;in&nbsp;KPSYİ&nbsp;samples&nbsp;throughout&nbsp;storage,&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;titratable&nbsp;acidity&nbsp;values&nbsp;were&nbsp;found&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;higher&nbsp;than&nbsp;those&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;control&nbsp;samples.&nbsp;In&nbsp;terms&nbsp;of&nbsp;antioxidant&nbsp;activity,&nbsp;although&nbsp;total&nbsp;phenolic&nbsp;compound&nbsp;levels&nbsp;tended&nbsp;to&nbsp;decrease&nbsp;over&nbsp;time,&nbsp;they&nbsp;remained&nbsp;significantly&nbsp;higher&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;samples&nbsp;containing&nbsp;carob&nbsp;flour&nbsp;compared&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;control&nbsp;groups.&nbsp;In&nbsp;KPSYİ&nbsp;samples&nbsp;fermented&nbsp;with&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L.&nbsp;acidophilus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;LA-5,&nbsp;DPPH&nbsp;radical&nbsp;scavenging&nbsp;activity&nbsp;showed&nbsp;a&nbsp;slight&nbsp;increase,&nbsp;particularly&nbsp;during&nbsp;the&nbsp;early&nbsp;storage&nbsp;period,&nbsp;and&nbsp;this&nbsp;increase&nbsp;was&nbsp;statistically&nbsp;significant&nbsp;up&nbsp;to&nbsp;day&nbsp;7.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;samples,&nbsp;the&nbsp;FRAP&nbsp;value&nbsp;also&nbsp;increased&nbsp;in&nbsp;parallel&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;increase&nbsp;in&nbsp;carob&nbsp;flour&nbsp;concentration.&nbsp;In&nbsp;samples&nbsp;fermented&nbsp;with&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L.&nbsp;rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;GG,&nbsp;a&nbsp;statistically&nbsp;significant&nbsp;decrease&nbsp;in&nbsp;both&nbsp;DPPH&nbsp;and&nbsp;FRAP&nbsp;values&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined&nbsp;throughout&nbsp;storage&nbsp;(p&lt;0.05).&nbsp;In&nbsp;particular,&nbsp;the&nbsp;significant&nbsp;differences&nbsp;between&nbsp;day&nbsp;1&nbsp;and&nbsp;subsequent&nbsp;storage&nbsp;periods&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;that&nbsp;antioxidant&nbsp;compounds&nbsp;formed&nbsp;after&nbsp;fermentation&nbsp;lose&nbsp;stability&nbsp;over&nbsp;time.&nbsp;These&nbsp;findings&nbsp;demonstrate&nbsp;that&nbsp;antioxidant&nbsp;metabolites&nbsp;produced&nbsp;by&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L.&nbsp;rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;GG&nbsp;exhibit&nbsp;an&nbsp;activity&nbsp;profile&nbsp;that&nbsp;decreases&nbsp;at&nbsp;a&nbsp;statistically&nbsp;significant&nbsp;level&nbsp;under&nbsp;storage&nbsp;conditions.&nbsp;These&nbsp;results&nbsp;reveal&nbsp;that&nbsp;soy–oat–carob-based&nbsp;fermented&nbsp;beverages&nbsp;can&nbsp;provide&nbsp;an&nbsp;effective&nbsp;carrier&nbsp;matrix&nbsp;for&nbsp;probiotic&nbsp;microorganisms.&nbsp;At&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;time,&nbsp;the&nbsp;formulation&nbsp;in&nbsp;question&nbsp;is&nbsp;shown&nbsp;to&nbsp;have&nbsp;high&nbsp;potential&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;field&nbsp;of&nbsp;plant-based&nbsp;functional&nbsp;product&nbsp;development.&nbsp;In&nbsp;this&nbsp;context,&nbsp;the&nbsp;findings&nbsp;obtained&nbsp;provide&nbsp;important&nbsp;contributions&nbsp;for&nbsp;both&nbsp;academic&nbsp;research&nbsp;and&nbsp;industrial&nbsp;applications.</span></p>

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