Production of Soy and Oat Based Probiotic Beverage and Enriched with Carob Flour
Project no. 32679 · Status: Kapanmış (Yayın bekleniyor) · 2024
Summary
<p class="ql-align-justify"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In this thesis study, the aim was to develop a soy- and oat-based probiotic beverage enriched with carob flour (</span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Ceratonia siliqua</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> L.). The developed product was designed to be both nutritionally rich and capable of meeting the increasing consumer demand for plant-based milk alternatives. Two different probiotic strains were used for the fermentation processes: </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Lactobacillus acidophilus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> LA-5 and </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> GG. The research was conducted in three main stages. In the first stage, the most suitable soy–oat beverage ratio was determined by considering physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties. In the second stage, fermentation conditions, particularly fermentation time, temperature, and carob flour concentration, were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Central Composite Design (CCD). In the final stage, the microbiological characteristics, physicochemical stability, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties of the optimized beverages were evaluated throughout a 28-day storage period. As a result of the preliminary studies, the most suitable beverage ratio in terms of probiotic viability and sensory quality was determined as 70% oat and 30% soy. The optimum fermentation conditions were identified as 9.27% carob flour, 16.8 h, and 36.6°C for </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L. acidophilus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> LA-5, and 9.91% carob flour, 8.2 h, and 35.4°C for </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L. rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> GG. Under these conditions, probiotic counts above 6 log CFU/mL were maintained for 21 days in samples fermented with </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L. acidophilus </em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">LA-5 and for 28 days in samples fermented with </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L. rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> GG. When compared with the control groups containing the same probiotic strains but without carob flour, the carob flour–enriched samples (KPSYİ) exhibited significantly higher stability in both microbiological and physicochemical terms. In particular, pH values remained more constant in KPSYİ samples throughout storage, whereas titratable acidity values were found to be higher than those of the control samples. In terms of antioxidant activity, although total phenolic compound levels tended to decrease over time, they remained significantly higher in the samples containing carob flour compared with the control groups. In KPSYİ samples fermented with </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L. acidophilus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> LA-5, DPPH radical scavenging activity showed a slight increase, particularly during the early storage period, and this increase was statistically significant up to day 7. In the same samples, the FRAP value also increased in parallel with the increase in carob flour concentration. In samples fermented with </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L. rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> GG, a statistically significant decrease in both DPPH and FRAP values was determined throughout storage (p<0.05). In particular, the significant differences between day 1 and subsequent storage periods indicate that antioxidant compounds formed after fermentation lose stability over time. These findings demonstrate that antioxidant metabolites produced by </span><em style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L. rhamnosus</em><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> GG exhibit an activity profile that decreases at a statistically significant level under storage conditions. These results reveal that soy–oat–carob-based fermented beverages can provide an effective carrier matrix for probiotic microorganisms. At the same time, the formulation in question is shown to have high potential in the field of plant-based functional product development. In this context, the findings obtained provide important contributions for both academic research and industrial applications.</span></p>