Cost-effective electrochemical detection of β-blockers in surface waters using hybrid rGO/Ag and rGO/TiO2 nanocomposite electrodes
Makaleler > Tam Makale · 2025
Yazarlar: Ergi Hoxha, Nevila Broli, Muhamed Farruku, Muhammed Hüseyin ŞENTÜRK, Esma Yildiz, Majlinda Vasjari, Arzum Erdem
Results in Chemistry, Uluslararası, Scopus, 2025, cilt 18, ss 102862-102862
DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2025.102862
Özet
The widespread presence of β-blockers in aquatic systems poses ecological risks due to their persistence and biological activity. This study reports the development and characterization of two nanocomposite-modified carbon paste electrodes rGO/Ag-CPE and rGO/TiO 2 -CPE for atenolol detection in environmental and biological matrices. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was combined with silver (Ag) or titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) to enhance conductivity, porosity, and electrocatalytic activity. Morphological and elemental properties were confirmed by SEM and EDS, while electrochemical behavior was assessed via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The rGO/TiO 2 -modified carbon paste electrode demonstrated the lowest interfacial charge-transfer resistance (Rt = 209.75 Ω), significantly improved double-layer capacitance, and enhanced electron transfer kinetics relative to the other tested configurations. The analytical performance, assessed by square-wave voltammetry (SWV), revealed high sensitivity (5.6 μA/μM), a low limit of detection (0.16 μM), and excellent reproducibility (relative standard deviation, RSD ≤1.01 %). The sensor also exhibited dual linear ranges, with enhanced sensitivity at trace levels (1.6–23 μM) and maintained performance at higher concentrations up to 1142 μM. Applied to spiked river water and serum samples, the sensor achieved recoveries of 96–117 % with RSDs ≤3.2 %, meeting ICH validation criteria. These findings highlight rGO/TiO 2 -CPE as a cost-effective and sensitive platform for β-blocker monitoring in natural waters, with strong potential for integration into portable and point-of-care detection systems for environmental and clinical applications.