Seasonal timing of anti–PD-1 therapy and survival outcomes in a real-world pan-cancer cohort
Makaleler > Tam Makale · 2026
Yazarlar: Haydar C. Yuksel, Caner ACAR, Gokhan Sahin, Pınar Açar, Sercan On, Burcak Ş. Karaca
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, Uluslararası, Wos, 2026, cilt 22, ss 703-713
DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2026.2682180
Özet
BACKGROUND: Circannual variation in immune function may influence the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), yet clinical evidence regarding seasonal effects remains limited. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed adults with metastatic solid tumors treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy at a single center between 2015 and 2024. Seasons were defined by regional daylight patterns: summer (April-October) and winter (November-March). Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank tests, multivariable Cox regression, propensity score matching (PSM), and a 3-month landmark analysis were performed. RESULTS: Among 430 patients, 245 (57.0%) initiated ICIs in summer and 185 (43.0%) in winter. In the unmatched cohort, summer initiation was associated with longer PFS and OS. After PSM, 181 patients remained in each group, and the survival advantage persisted: median PFS was 6.2 versus 3.6 months (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.91) and median OS was 21.5 versus 12.4 months (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.94) for summer versus winter, respectively. Landmark and multivariable analyses confirmed these findings. CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of anti-PD-1 therapy during summer was associated with significantly improved survival, suggesting that seasonal modulation of host immunity may influence ICI outcomes.