Black Women Poets Rewriting Independence: Counter-Narratives of the Fourth of July

Kitapta bölümler > Mesleki Kitap · 2026

Yazarlar: Nesrin YAVAŞ

USA 250, Mesleki Kitap, Kültür Yayıncılık, Tanınmış Ulusal, Ulusal, 2026, ss 30-50, Türkiye, İstanbul

Özet

<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>ExtendedAbstract</strong></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>Black&nbsp;Women&nbsp;Rewriting&nbsp;Independence:&nbsp;Counter-Narratives&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Fourth&nbsp;of&nbsp;July</strong></p><p class="ql-align-justify">This&nbsp;study&nbsp;examines&nbsp;how&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;Black&nbsp;women&nbsp;poets&nbsp;reconfigure&nbsp;the&nbsp;Fourth&nbsp;of&nbsp;July&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;contested&nbsp;scene&nbsp;of&nbsp;national&nbsp;memory,&nbsp;historical&nbsp;return,&nbsp;and&nbsp;unfinished&nbsp;freedom.&nbsp;As&nbsp;the&nbsp;United&nbsp;States&nbsp;approaches&nbsp;USA&nbsp;250,&nbsp;the&nbsp;semiquincentennial&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Declaration&nbsp;of&nbsp;Independence,&nbsp;the&nbsp;question&nbsp;of&nbsp;how&nbsp;the&nbsp;nation&nbsp;commemorates&nbsp;its&nbsp;founding&nbsp;acquires&nbsp;renewed&nbsp;critical&nbsp;urgency.&nbsp;National&nbsp;anniversaries&nbsp;do&nbsp;not&nbsp;simply&nbsp;recall&nbsp;the&nbsp;past;&nbsp;they&nbsp;ritualize&nbsp;selected&nbsp;versions&nbsp;of&nbsp;origin,&nbsp;legitimacy,&nbsp;and&nbsp;collective&nbsp;belonging.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;case&nbsp;of&nbsp;July&nbsp;Fourth,&nbsp;commemoration&nbsp;repeatedly&nbsp;stabilizes&nbsp;the&nbsp;myth&nbsp;of&nbsp;American&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;by&nbsp;converting&nbsp;a&nbsp;historically&nbsp;partial&nbsp;and&nbsp;racially&nbsp;exclusionary&nbsp;political&nbsp;settlement&nbsp;into&nbsp;a&nbsp;universal&nbsp;narrative&nbsp;of&nbsp;democratic&nbsp;birth.&nbsp;Against&nbsp;this&nbsp;commemorative&nbsp;logic,&nbsp;this&nbsp;article&nbsp;argues&nbsp;that&nbsp;June&nbsp;Jordan’s&nbsp;“July&nbsp;4,&nbsp;1974&nbsp;(Washington,&nbsp;D.C.),”&nbsp;Sonia&nbsp;Sanchez’s&nbsp;“Poem&nbsp;for&nbsp;July&nbsp;4,&nbsp;1994,”&nbsp;Tracy&nbsp;K.&nbsp;Smith’s&nbsp;“Declaration,”&nbsp;and&nbsp;Evie&nbsp;Shockley’s&nbsp;“waiting&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;mayflower”&nbsp;produce&nbsp;a&nbsp;Black&nbsp;feminist&nbsp;counter-commemorative&nbsp;poetics&nbsp;that&nbsp;transforms&nbsp;Independence&nbsp;Day&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;ritual&nbsp;of&nbsp;national&nbsp;closure&nbsp;into&nbsp;a&nbsp;critical&nbsp;site&nbsp;of&nbsp;rupture,&nbsp;rereading,&nbsp;and&nbsp;reauthorization.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">July&nbsp;Fourth&nbsp;is&nbsp;therefore&nbsp;approached&nbsp;not&nbsp;merely&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;calendar&nbsp;date&nbsp;or&nbsp;patriotic&nbsp;holiday&nbsp;but&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;recurrent&nbsp;apparatus&nbsp;of&nbsp;national&nbsp;memory.&nbsp;&nbsp;Its&nbsp;annual&nbsp;repetition&nbsp;affirms&nbsp;the&nbsp;coherence&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;nation’s&nbsp;founding&nbsp;story&nbsp;while&nbsp;suppressing&nbsp;the&nbsp;racialized&nbsp;exclusions&nbsp;on&nbsp;which&nbsp;that&nbsp;story&nbsp;depends.&nbsp;The&nbsp;Declaration&nbsp;of&nbsp;Independence’s&nbsp;universalizing&nbsp;language&nbsp;has&nbsp;historically&nbsp;operated&nbsp;through&nbsp;a&nbsp;contradiction&nbsp;between&nbsp;abstract&nbsp;liberty&nbsp;and&nbsp;embodied&nbsp;exclusion.&nbsp;This&nbsp;contradiction&nbsp;is&nbsp;situated&nbsp;through&nbsp;Black&nbsp;feminist&nbsp;theory,&nbsp;critical&nbsp;historiography,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;conceptual&nbsp;language&nbsp;of&nbsp;wake&nbsp;work.&nbsp;Hortense&nbsp;Spillers’s&nbsp;critique&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;implicitly&nbsp;white,&nbsp;male,&nbsp;and&nbsp;propertied&nbsp;subject&nbsp;of&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;clarifies&nbsp;how&nbsp;the&nbsp;founding&nbsp;grammar&nbsp;of&nbsp;equality&nbsp;depended&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;non-recognition&nbsp;of&nbsp;enslaved&nbsp;Black&nbsp;subjects.&nbsp;Nikole&nbsp;Hannah-Jones’s&nbsp;reframing&nbsp;of&nbsp;1619&nbsp;unsettles&nbsp;the&nbsp;exceptionalist&nbsp;mythology&nbsp;of&nbsp;1776,&nbsp;while&nbsp;Gerald&nbsp;Horne’s&nbsp;account&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;American&nbsp;Revolution&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;counter-revolutionary&nbsp;project&nbsp;foregrounds&nbsp;the&nbsp;extent&nbsp;to&nbsp;which&nbsp;slavery,&nbsp;settler&nbsp;colonial&nbsp;dispossession,&nbsp;and&nbsp;racialized&nbsp;political&nbsp;order&nbsp;were&nbsp;structurally&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;nation’s&nbsp;emergence.&nbsp;Christina&nbsp;Sharpe’s&nbsp;concept&nbsp;of&nbsp;wake&nbsp;work&nbsp;provides&nbsp;the&nbsp;article’s&nbsp;methodological&nbsp;orientation:&nbsp;the&nbsp;poems&nbsp;studied&nbsp;here&nbsp;attend&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;afterlives&nbsp;of&nbsp;slavery&nbsp;not&nbsp;as&nbsp;residual&nbsp;traces&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;completed&nbsp;past&nbsp;but&nbsp;as&nbsp;ongoing&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;that&nbsp;shape&nbsp;Black&nbsp;life,&nbsp;vulnerability,&nbsp;memory,&nbsp;and&nbsp;resistance.&nbsp;Phillis&nbsp;Wheatley&nbsp;functions&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;crucial&nbsp;precursor&nbsp;to&nbsp;this&nbsp;tradition&nbsp;because&nbsp;her&nbsp;poetic&nbsp;engagement&nbsp;with&nbsp;liberty,&nbsp;reason,&nbsp;and&nbsp;moral&nbsp;equality&nbsp;had&nbsp;already&nbsp;exposed&nbsp;the&nbsp;instability&nbsp;of&nbsp;Enlightenment&nbsp;universalism&nbsp;from&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;very&nbsp;historical&nbsp;moment&nbsp;that&nbsp;claimed&nbsp;it.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">June&nbsp;Jordan’s&nbsp;“July&nbsp;4,&nbsp;1974&nbsp;(Washington,&nbsp;D.C.)”&nbsp;relocates&nbsp;Independence&nbsp;Day&nbsp;from&nbsp;national&nbsp;pageantry&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;intimate&nbsp;register&nbsp;of&nbsp;Black&nbsp;maternal&nbsp;vigilance.&nbsp;The&nbsp;poem&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;directly&nbsp;denounce&nbsp;the&nbsp;holiday;&nbsp;instead,&nbsp;it&nbsp;displaces&nbsp;its&nbsp;authority.&nbsp;July&nbsp;Fourth&nbsp;becomes&nbsp;meaningful&nbsp;not&nbsp;because&nbsp;it&nbsp;marks&nbsp;the&nbsp;birth&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;nation&nbsp;but&nbsp;because&nbsp;it&nbsp;coincides&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;speaker’s&nbsp;reflection&nbsp;on&nbsp;her&nbsp;son’s&nbsp;birth&nbsp;and&nbsp;survival.&nbsp;Jordan&nbsp;thus&nbsp;replaces&nbsp;the&nbsp;abstract&nbsp;civic&nbsp;calendar&nbsp;with&nbsp;a&nbsp;maternal&nbsp;counter-calendar.&nbsp;The&nbsp;poem’s&nbsp;documentary&nbsp;details&nbsp;of&nbsp;birth,&nbsp;place,&nbsp;and&nbsp;familial&nbsp;memory&nbsp;are&nbsp;set&nbsp;against&nbsp;the&nbsp;inadequacy&nbsp;of&nbsp;factual&nbsp;record&nbsp;to&nbsp;prepare&nbsp;a&nbsp;Black&nbsp;mother&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;dangers&nbsp;her&nbsp;son&nbsp;faces&nbsp;within&nbsp;a&nbsp;racialized&nbsp;social&nbsp;order.&nbsp;Freedom&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;figured&nbsp;as&nbsp;an&nbsp;inherited&nbsp;national&nbsp;condition&nbsp;but&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;fragile&nbsp;and&nbsp;unfinished&nbsp;labor&nbsp;of&nbsp;becoming.&nbsp;Jordan’s&nbsp;counter-reading&nbsp;of&nbsp;independence&nbsp;insists&nbsp;that&nbsp;liberty&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;be&nbsp;celebrated&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;completed&nbsp;founding&nbsp;achievement&nbsp;while&nbsp;Black&nbsp;youth&nbsp;remain&nbsp;exposed&nbsp;to&nbsp;vulnerability&nbsp;and&nbsp;premature&nbsp;death.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Sonia&nbsp;Sanchez’s&nbsp;“Poem&nbsp;for&nbsp;July&nbsp;4,&nbsp;1994”&nbsp;intervenes&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;language&nbsp;of&nbsp;national&nbsp;collectivity&nbsp;by&nbsp;reworking&nbsp;the&nbsp;constitutional&nbsp;rhetoric&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;people&nbsp;into&nbsp;an&nbsp;intersectional,&nbsp;transnational,&nbsp;and&nbsp;ethically&nbsp;demanding&nbsp;address.&nbsp;Sanchez&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;reject&nbsp;the&nbsp;vocabulary&nbsp;of&nbsp;democratic&nbsp;promise;&nbsp;she&nbsp;subjects&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;historical&nbsp;pressure.&nbsp;Her&nbsp;poem&nbsp;places&nbsp;the&nbsp;founding&nbsp;generation&nbsp;beside&nbsp;slavery,&nbsp;racial&nbsp;hierarchy,&nbsp;Indigenous&nbsp;presence,&nbsp;immigration,&nbsp;ecological&nbsp;crisis,&nbsp;war,&nbsp;starvation,&nbsp;sexual&nbsp;injustice,&nbsp;and&nbsp;genocide.&nbsp;Its&nbsp;insistent&nbsp;refrain&nbsp;functions&nbsp;as&nbsp;both&nbsp;poetic&nbsp;structure&nbsp;and&nbsp;ethical&nbsp;mandate,&nbsp;suggesting&nbsp;that&nbsp;remembrance&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;supplementary&nbsp;to&nbsp;democracy&nbsp;but&nbsp;constitutive&nbsp;of&nbsp;it.&nbsp;By&nbsp;situating&nbsp;American&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;within&nbsp;a&nbsp;global&nbsp;archive&nbsp;of&nbsp;violence,&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;Middle&nbsp;Passage&nbsp;and&nbsp;Wounded&nbsp;Knee&nbsp;to&nbsp;Hiroshima,&nbsp;Auschwitz,&nbsp;Bosnia,&nbsp;El&nbsp;Salvador,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Rwanda,&nbsp;Sanchez&nbsp;breaks&nbsp;the&nbsp;enclosure&nbsp;of&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;exceptionalism.&nbsp;Her&nbsp;vision&nbsp;of&nbsp;improvement&nbsp;is&nbsp;conditional&nbsp;rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;sentimental:&nbsp;democratic&nbsp;transformation&nbsp;depends&nbsp;on&nbsp;work,&nbsp;organization,&nbsp;resistance,&nbsp;and&nbsp;collective&nbsp;struggle.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Tracy&nbsp;K.&nbsp;Smith’s&nbsp;“Declaration”&nbsp;produces&nbsp;a&nbsp;formally&nbsp;distinct&nbsp;counter-commemorative&nbsp;intervention&nbsp;through&nbsp;erasure.&nbsp;Constructed&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;language&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Declaration&nbsp;of&nbsp;Independence,&nbsp;Smith’s&nbsp;poem&nbsp;makes&nbsp;the&nbsp;founding&nbsp;archive&nbsp;testify&nbsp;against&nbsp;itself.&nbsp;By&nbsp;preserving&nbsp;fragments&nbsp;of&nbsp;Jefferson’s&nbsp;grievance&nbsp;rhetoric&nbsp;while&nbsp;removing&nbsp;their&nbsp;original&nbsp;objects,&nbsp;Smith&nbsp;transforms&nbsp;the&nbsp;document&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;proclamation&nbsp;of&nbsp;colonial&nbsp;injury&nbsp;into&nbsp;an&nbsp;indictment&nbsp;of&nbsp;state&nbsp;violence,&nbsp;dispossession,&nbsp;captivity,&nbsp;and&nbsp;racialized&nbsp;suffering.&nbsp;The&nbsp;poem’s&nbsp;formal&nbsp;logic&nbsp;is&nbsp;crucial:&nbsp;absence&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;decorative&nbsp;but&nbsp;epistemological.&nbsp;The&nbsp;syntactic&nbsp;gaps&nbsp;and&nbsp;withheld&nbsp;objects&nbsp;expose&nbsp;how&nbsp;exclusion&nbsp;is&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;grammar&nbsp;of&nbsp;American&nbsp;freedom.&nbsp;Because&nbsp;Smith’s&nbsp;critique&nbsp;emerges&nbsp;from&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;Declaration’s&nbsp;own&nbsp;language,&nbsp;the&nbsp;poem&nbsp;reveals&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;violence&nbsp;disavowed&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;founding&nbsp;text&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;external&nbsp;to&nbsp;it&nbsp;but&nbsp;structurally&nbsp;present&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;document&nbsp;that&nbsp;claims&nbsp;to&nbsp;universalize&nbsp;liberty.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Evie&nbsp;Shockley’s&nbsp;“waiting&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;mayflower”&nbsp;reconfigures&nbsp;Independence&nbsp;Day&nbsp;through&nbsp;Black&nbsp;historical&nbsp;time.&nbsp;Organized&nbsp;into&nbsp;four&nbsp;dated&nbsp;sections,&nbsp;the&nbsp;poem&nbsp;begins&nbsp;not&nbsp;with&nbsp;1776&nbsp;but&nbsp;with&nbsp;1619,&nbsp;then&nbsp;moves&nbsp;through&nbsp;1638,&nbsp;1770,&nbsp;and&nbsp;July&nbsp;Fourth.&nbsp;This&nbsp;temporal&nbsp;architecture&nbsp;disrupts&nbsp;the&nbsp;linear&nbsp;progress&nbsp;narrative&nbsp;through&nbsp;which&nbsp;national&nbsp;independence&nbsp;is&nbsp;conventionally&nbsp;celebrated.&nbsp;By&nbsp;placing&nbsp;1776&nbsp;within&nbsp;a&nbsp;longer&nbsp;chronology&nbsp;of&nbsp;enslavement,&nbsp;labor,&nbsp;racial&nbsp;violence,&nbsp;resistance,&nbsp;and&nbsp;cultural&nbsp;memory,&nbsp;Shockley&nbsp;refuses&nbsp;the&nbsp;exceptional&nbsp;status&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;founding&nbsp;moment.&nbsp;Her&nbsp;compressed&nbsp;sequencing&nbsp;of&nbsp;multiple&nbsp;centennial&nbsp;markers&nbsp;exposes&nbsp;commemoration&nbsp;as&nbsp;repetition&nbsp;rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;resolution.&nbsp;The&nbsp;poem’s&nbsp;final&nbsp;visual&nbsp;metaphor&nbsp;figures&nbsp;Black&nbsp;labor,&nbsp;endurance,&nbsp;and&nbsp;suffering&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;unacknowledged&nbsp;ground&nbsp;of&nbsp;national&nbsp;celebration.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Taken&nbsp;together,&nbsp;these&nbsp;poems&nbsp;demonstrate&nbsp;that&nbsp;Independence&nbsp;Day&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;a&nbsp;stable&nbsp;symbol&nbsp;but&nbsp;a&nbsp;contested&nbsp;cultural&nbsp;form&nbsp;through&nbsp;which&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;is&nbsp;repeatedly&nbsp;produced,&nbsp;challenged,&nbsp;and&nbsp;reauthored.&nbsp;Jordan&nbsp;shifts&nbsp;independence&nbsp;into&nbsp;the&nbsp;register&nbsp;of&nbsp;Black&nbsp;maternal&nbsp;fear&nbsp;and&nbsp;survival;&nbsp;Sanchez&nbsp;expands&nbsp;it&nbsp;into&nbsp;an&nbsp;intersectional&nbsp;and&nbsp;transnational&nbsp;demand&nbsp;for&nbsp;justice;&nbsp;Smith&nbsp;exposes&nbsp;the&nbsp;violence&nbsp;internal&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;founding&nbsp;archive&nbsp;through&nbsp;erasure;&nbsp;and&nbsp;Shockley&nbsp;repositions&nbsp;July&nbsp;Fourth&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;long&nbsp;wake&nbsp;of&nbsp;slavery&nbsp;and&nbsp;Black&nbsp;endurance.&nbsp;Their&nbsp;collective&nbsp;intervention&nbsp;lies&nbsp;not&nbsp;in&nbsp;abandoning&nbsp;the&nbsp;language&nbsp;of&nbsp;freedom&nbsp;but&nbsp;in&nbsp;refusing&nbsp;its&nbsp;enclosure&nbsp;within&nbsp;triumphalist&nbsp;national&nbsp;mythology.&nbsp;As&nbsp;USA&nbsp;250&nbsp;approaches,&nbsp;these&nbsp;Black&nbsp;women’s&nbsp;poetic&nbsp;counter-narratives&nbsp;offer&nbsp;a&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;framework&nbsp;for&nbsp;rethinking&nbsp;commemoration&nbsp;itself.&nbsp;Freedom&nbsp;appears&nbsp;not&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;completed&nbsp;inheritance&nbsp;from&nbsp;1776&nbsp;but&nbsp;as&nbsp;an&nbsp;unfinished&nbsp;demand,&nbsp;continually&nbsp;remade&nbsp;through&nbsp;memory,&nbsp;critique,&nbsp;resistance,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Black&nbsp;feminist&nbsp;poetic&nbsp;imagination.</p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>Keywords:</strong>&nbsp;USA&nbsp;250;&nbsp;wake&nbsp;work;&nbsp;Black&nbsp;feminist&nbsp;poetics;&nbsp;Fourth&nbsp;of&nbsp;July;&nbsp;counter-commemoration</p><p></p>

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