Impact of ball weight on elbow kinetics and kinematics in team handball overhead throws

Makaleler > Tam Makale · 2026

Yazarlar: Yasin YÜZBAŞIOĞLU, Nihat Şükrü Özgören, Mehmet Zeki ÖZKOL

BMC SPORTS SCIENCE, MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION, SCI Expanded İndekslerine Giren Dergi, Uluslararası, Wos, 2026, cilt 18, ss 1-22

DOI: 10.1186/s13102-025-01500-z

Özet

<p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Abstract</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Purpose&nbsp;Overhead&nbsp;throwing&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;dynamic&nbsp;motion&nbsp;critical&nbsp;for&nbsp;team&nbsp;handball&nbsp;performance.&nbsp;The&nbsp;purpose&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;study</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">was&nbsp;to&nbsp;compare&nbsp;elbow&nbsp;joint&nbsp;kinetics&nbsp;and&nbsp;kinematics&nbsp;during&nbsp;the&nbsp;acceleration&nbsp;phase&nbsp;(AP)&nbsp;via&nbsp;different&nbsp;weighted&nbsp;balls.</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Methods&nbsp;Eleven&nbsp;active&nbsp;male&nbsp;handball&nbsp;players&nbsp;(aged&nbsp;21.36&nbsp;±&nbsp;4.65&nbsp;years),&nbsp;free&nbsp;from&nbsp;musculoskeletal&nbsp;pain&nbsp;and&nbsp;without</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">any&nbsp;injuries,&nbsp;performed&nbsp;three&nbsp;trials&nbsp;with&nbsp;three&nbsp;different&nbsp;weighted&nbsp;balls&nbsp;in&nbsp;random&nbsp;order:&nbsp;a&nbsp;regular&nbsp;ball&nbsp;(RB:&nbsp;427&nbsp;g),&nbsp;a</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">light&nbsp;ball&nbsp;(LB:&nbsp;360&nbsp;g)&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;heavy&nbsp;ball&nbsp;(HB:&nbsp;1000&nbsp;g).&nbsp;The&nbsp;kinematic&nbsp;data&nbsp;were&nbsp;collected&nbsp;in&nbsp;an&nbsp;indoor&nbsp;laboratory&nbsp;with&nbsp;an</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">8-camera&nbsp;infrared&nbsp;motion&nbsp;capture&nbsp;system.&nbsp;A&nbsp;ten-segment&nbsp;mechanical&nbsp;model&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;upper&nbsp;extremity&nbsp;was&nbsp;built&nbsp;via</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Simscape&nbsp;libraries&nbsp;in&nbsp;MATLAB/Simulink&nbsp;to&nbsp;calculate&nbsp;joint&nbsp;torques&nbsp;via&nbsp;inverse&nbsp;dynamics&nbsp;simulations.&nbsp;Kinematic&nbsp;and</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">kinetic&nbsp;parameters&nbsp;were&nbsp;compared&nbsp;via&nbsp;one-way&nbsp;repeated-measures&nbsp;ANOVA.</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Results&nbsp;Our&nbsp;results&nbsp;revealed&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;ball&nbsp;release&nbsp;velocity&nbsp;decreases&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;weight&nbsp;increases&nbsp;(p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001).&nbsp;Increasing&nbsp;the</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ball&nbsp;weight&nbsp;resulted&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;12.5%&nbsp;decrease&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;release&nbsp;velocity&nbsp;of&nbsp;HB&nbsp;compared&nbsp;with&nbsp;that&nbsp;of&nbsp;LB.&nbsp;The&nbsp;change&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;ball</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">release&nbsp;velocity&nbsp;was&nbsp;probably&nbsp;a&nbsp;result&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;significant&nbsp;differences&nbsp;in&nbsp;elbow&nbsp;extension&nbsp;velocity&nbsp;and&nbsp;torque.</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Conclusion:&nbsp;The&nbsp;findings&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;study&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;that&nbsp;using&nbsp;lighter&nbsp;balls&nbsp;may&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;stress&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;elbow&nbsp;during</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">overhead&nbsp;throwing&nbsp;activities,&nbsp;while&nbsp;heavier&nbsp;balls&nbsp;significantly&nbsp;increase&nbsp;elbow&nbsp;extension&nbsp;torque.&nbsp;These&nbsp;findings&nbsp;have</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">direct&nbsp;implications&nbsp;for&nbsp;designing&nbsp;training&nbsp;programs&nbsp;aimed&nbsp;at&nbsp;performance&nbsp;enhancement&nbsp;and&nbsp;injury&nbsp;prevention.</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Keywords:&nbsp;Team&nbsp;handball,&nbsp;Weighted&nbsp;ball,&nbsp;Overhead&nbsp;throwing,&nbsp;Inverse&nbsp;dynamics,&nbsp;Elbow&nbsp;kinetics</span></p>

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